可用于調(diào)節(jié)IL-12、IL-23和/或IFNα的烷基酰胺取代的嘧啶化合物的制作方法
【專利說明】可用于調(diào)節(jié)丨L-12、IL-23和/或IFNa的烷基酰胺取代的 嘧啶化合物 發(fā)明領(lǐng)域
[0001] 本發(fā)明涉及可通過作用于Tyk-2以造成信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制來調(diào)節(jié)IL-12、IL-23和/或 IFNa的化合物。本文提供了烷基酰胺取代的嘧啶化合物、包含此類化合物的組合物和它們 的使用方法。本發(fā)明還涉及可用于治療哺乳動(dòng)物中的與IL-12、IL-23和/或IFNa的調(diào)節(jié) 相關(guān)的病癥的含有至少一種本發(fā)明的化合物的藥物組合物。
[0002] 發(fā)明背景 分享共用P40亞基的異二聚體細(xì)胞因子白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-12和IL-23由活化的抗原 呈遞細(xì)胞生成并在Thl和Thl7細(xì)胞(在自身免疫中起到關(guān)鍵作用的兩種效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞譜系) 的分化和增殖中至關(guān)重要。IL-23由p40亞基以及獨(dú)特的pl9亞基構(gòu)成。通過由IL-23R 和IL-12R0 1構(gòu)成的異二聚體受體發(fā)揮作用的IL-23對(duì)產(chǎn)生促炎細(xì)胞因子,如IL-17A、 IL-17F、IL-6和TNF- a的Thl7細(xì)胞的存活和擴(kuò)增是必不可少的(McGeachy,M. J.等人, ''The link between IL-23 and Thl7 cell-mediated immune pathologies",Semin. 19:372-376 (2007))。這些細(xì)胞因子在介導(dǎo)許多自身免疫病,包括類風(fēng)濕性 關(guān)節(jié)炎、多發(fā)性硬化癥、炎性腸病和狼瘡的病理學(xué)中至關(guān)重要。IL-12除了與IL-23共有 的p40亞基外還含有p35亞基并通過由IL-12R0 1和IL-12R0 2構(gòu)成的異二聚體受體發(fā) 揮作用。IL-12對(duì)Thl細(xì)胞發(fā)育和IFNy (通過刺激MHC表達(dá)、B細(xì)胞類別轉(zhuǎn)換成IgG亞 類和活化巨噬細(xì)胞而在免疫中起到關(guān)鍵作用的細(xì)胞因子)的分泌是必不可少的(Gracie, J.A.等人,^Interleukin-12 induces interferon-gamma-dependent switching of IgG alloantibody subclass",Eur. J. IwmunoL, 26:1217-1221 (1996) ;Schroder,K.等 人,〃Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions",J. 價(jià)W·,75(2):163-189 (2004))。
[0003] 通過在多發(fā)性硬化癥、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、炎性腸病、狼瘡和牛皮癬等模型中發(fā)現(xiàn) p40、pl9或IL-23R缺失的小鼠免受疾病之害而證實(shí)含p40的細(xì)胞因子在自身免疫中的重 要性(Kyttaris,V. C.等人,''Cutting edge: IL-23 receptor deficiency prevents the development of lupus nephritis in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice",J. Immunol., 184:4605-4609 (2010) ;Hong,K.等人,〃IL-12,independently of IFN-γ,plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a murine psoriasis like skin disorder",J. J蕭7·,162:7480-7491 (1999) ;Hue,S.等人,〃Interleukin-23 drives innate and T cell-mediated intestinal infIammation^j J. Exp. Med., 203:2473-2483 (2006); Cuaj D. J.等人,^Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain", Nature, 421:744-748 (2003); Murphy, C. A.等人,''Divergent pro- and anti-inflammatory roles for IL-23 and IL-12 in joint autoimmune inflammation",J. Exp. Med., 198:1951-1957 (2003) )〇
[0004] 在人類疾病中,已經(jīng)在銀肩病皮損中測(cè)得p40和pl9的高表達(dá),并在來自MS患 者的腦活躍病灶中和在活動(dòng)性克羅恩病患者的腸粘膜中識(shí)別出Thl7細(xì)胞(Lee,E.等 人,''Increased expression of interleukin 23 pl9 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris 〃,J. Exp. Med., 199:125-130 (2004) ;Tzartos, J.S.等人,^Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated with active disease in multiple sclerosis", Am. J· Pathol·, 172:146-155 (2008))。活動(dòng)性 SLE 患者中 pl9、p40 和 p35 的 mRNA 水平也 被證明明顯高于非活動(dòng)性SLE患者中的水平(Huang,X.等人,〃Dysregulated expression of interleukin-23 and interleukin-12 subunits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients〃,履劭仙細(xì)te7.,17:220-223 (2007)),且來自狼瘡患者的T細(xì)胞具有主 要 Thl 表型(Tucci,Μ.等人,''Overexpression of interleukin-12 and T helper I predominance in lupus nephritis",Clin. Exp. Immunol., 154:247-254 (2008))〇
[0005] 此外,全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究已識(shí)別出許多與慢性炎性疾病和自身免疫病有關(guān)系的 基因座,它們編碼在IL-23和IL-12通路中起作用的因子。這些基因包括IL23A、IL12A、 IL12B、IL12RB1、IL12RB2、IL23R、JAK2、TYK2、STAT3 和 STAT4 (Lees,C. W.等人,〃New IBD genetics: common pathways with other diseases", Gut, 60:1739-1753 (2011); Taoj J. H.等人,^Meta-analysis of TYK2 gene polymorphisms association with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases", MoL BioL Rep., 38:4663-4672 (2011) ;Cho,J.H.等人,〃Recent insights into the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease", Gastroenterology, 140:1704-1712 (2011))〇
[0006] 實(shí)際上,抑制IL-12和IL-23的抗-p40療法以及IL-23特異性的抗-pl9療法已 表明有效治療包括牛皮癬、克羅恩病和銀肩病關(guān)節(jié)炎在內(nèi)的疾病中的自身免疫(Leonardi, C.L 等人,"PHOENIX I study investigators. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 76-week results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 1)",371:1665-1674 (2008) ;Sandborn,W.J.等人,"Ustekinumab Crohn's Disease Study Group. A randomized trial of Ustekinumabj a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-t〇-severe Crohn's disease",135:1130-1141 (2008) ;Gottlieb,A.等人, "Ustekinumab, a human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, for psoriatic arthritis: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,crossover trial", 373:633-640 (2009))。因此,抑制IL-12和IL-23的作用的試劑預(yù)計(jì)在人類自身 免疫病中具有治療益處。
[0007] I型干擾素組(IFNs)--其包括IFNa成員以及IFNβ、IFNe、IFN κ和IFNo, 通過異二聚體IFNa/β受體(IFNAR)發(fā)揮作用。I型IFNs在先天和適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)中具有 多重作用,包括活化細(xì)胞和體液免疫應(yīng)答以及增強(qiáng)自身抗原的表達(dá)和釋放(Hall,J.C.等 人,''Type I interferons: crucial participants in disease amplification in autoimmunity^, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 6:40-49 (2010) )〇
[0008] 在系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)(-種可能致命的自身免疫?。┗颊咧校诖蟛糠只?者中已證實(shí)干擾素(IFN) α (-種I型干擾素)的提高的血清水平或I型IFN調(diào)芐基 因(所謂的IFNa信號(hào)(signature))在外周血單核細(xì)胞和患病器官中的提高的表達(dá) (Bennett, L 等人,''Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood",J 心/λ ifet/·,197:711-723 (2003) ;Peterson,K.S.等人, ''Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli^, J. Clin. 113:1722-1733 (2004)),且若干研究已顯示,血清IFNa水平與疾病活動(dòng)性和 嚴(yán)重度都有關(guān)系(Bengtsson,Α.Α.等人,〃Activation of type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with disease activity but not with antiretroviral antibodies〃,/as*,9:664-671 (2000))。通過給予惡性病或病毒病患 者IFNa可誘發(fā)狼瘡樣綜合征的觀察證實(shí)IFNa在狼瘡病理學(xué)中的直接作用。此外,狼瘡性 小鼠中的IFNAR缺失提供對(duì)自身免疫病、疾病嚴(yán)重度和死亡的高度防護(hù)(Santiago-Raber, EL 等人,〃Type_I interferon receptor deficiency reduces lupus-like disease in NZB mice〃,J萬項(xiàng).ifed,197:777-788 (2003)),且全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究已識(shí)別出與狼瘡 有關(guān)系的基因座,它們編碼在I型干擾素通路中起作用的因子,包括IRF5、IKBKE、TYK2和 STAT4 (Deng,Y.等人,''Genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the genomic era",Nat. Rev. 7?*?"艦,6:683-692 (2010) ;Sandling,J. K.等 人,〃A candidate gene study of the type I interferon pathway implicates IKBKE and IL8 as risk loci for SLE",萬",· J 你孤 19:479-484 (2011))〇 除 狼瘡?fù)?,有證據(jù)表明I型干擾素介導(dǎo)的通路的異?;罨谄渌陨砻庖卟?,如Sjogren's 綜合征和硬皮病的病理學(xué)中是重要的(Β?νθ,U.等人,〃Activation of the type I interferon system in primary Sjogreni s syndrome: a possible etiopathogenic mechanism",Arthritis Rheum., 52:1185-1195 (2005) ;Kim,D.等人,"Induction of interferon-alpha by scleroderma sera containing autoantibodies to topoisomerase I: association of higher interferon-alpha activity with lung fibrosis", 劭仙孤,58:2163-2173 (2008))。因此,抑制I型干擾素應(yīng)答作用的試劑預(yù)計(jì) 在人類自身免疫病中具有治療益處。
[0009] 酪氨酸激酶2 (Tyk2)是非受體酪氨酸激酶的Janus激酶(JAK)家族的成員并 已表明在小鼠(Ishizaki,Μ·等人,"Involvement of Tyrosine Kinase-2 in Both the IL-12/Thl and IL-23/Thl7 Axes In vivo\ J. IrmunoL , 187:181-189 (2011); Prchal-Murphyj M.等人,〃TYK2 kinase activity is required for functional type I interferon responses in vivo\ PLoS One, 7:e39141 (2012))和人類(Minegishi, Y.等人,''Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired immunity", Immunity, 25:745-755 (2006))中都對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)IL-12、IL-23和I型干擾素的受體下游的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)級(jí)聯(lián) 至關(guān)重要。Tyk2介導(dǎo)STAT家族的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的成員的受體誘發(fā)磷酸化,這是造成STAT蛋白 質(zhì)的二聚和STAT依賴性促炎基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄的基本信號(hào)。Tyk2缺失小鼠耐受結(jié)腸炎、牛皮癬 和多發(fā)性硬化癥的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P停砻鱐yk2介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)在自身免疫和相關(guān)障礙中的重要 性(Ishizaki,Μ.等人,"Involvement of Tyrosine Kinase-2 in Both the IL-12/Thl and IL-23/Thl7 Axes In vivo\ J. J廁"加乂,187:181-189 (2011) ;0yamada,A.等人, ''Tyrosine kinase 2 plays critical roles in the pathogenic CD4 T cell responses for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis",J. Immunol., 183:7539-7546 (2009))〇
[0010] 在人類中,表達(dá)Tyk2的無活性變體的個(gè)體免受多發(fā)性硬化癥和可能其它自 身免疫病之害(Couturier,N.等人,''Tyrosine kinase 2 variant influences T lymphocyte polarization and multiple sclerosis susceptibility", Brain, 134:693-703 (2011))。全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研宄已顯示與自身免疫病,如克羅恩病、牛皮癬、系 統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡和類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎有關(guān)系的其它Tyk2變體,進(jìn)一步表明Tyk2在自身免疫中 的重要性(Ellinghaus,D.等人,''Combined Analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Crohn Disease and Psoriasis Identifies Seven Shared Susceptibility Loci", J 90:636-647 (2012) ;Graham, D.等人,"Association of polymorphisms across the tyrosine kinase gene, TYK2 in UK SLE families", TPAei皿46:927-930 (2007) ;Eyre, S.等人,"High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis", Nat. Genet., 44:1336-1340 (2012))〇
[0011] 考慮到可獲益于涉及調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子和/或干擾素的治療的病癥,能夠調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因 子和/或干擾素,如IL-12、IL-23和/或IFN α的新型化合物和使用這些化合物的方法可 以為各種各樣需要其的患者提供顯著治療益處。
[0012] 發(fā)明概述 本發(fā)明涉及下式I的化合物,其可通過抑制Tyk2介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)而用作IL-12、IL-23 和/或IFNa的調(diào)節(jié)劑。
[0013] 本發(fā)明還提供用